84楼常春藤学社
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发表于 2013-5-9 23:59
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关于首字母做题方法
英语考试中,阅读题型之首字母填空是最令学生们头痛的一种题型。它不但考查学生对语篇的理解能力,而且考查学生理解语篇过程中的分析判断、句子成分与词性的对应关系、语法结构、词义辨析等全方位的综合能力。只有具备了相当词汇量、扎实的语法知识、充分的扩散性思维和严密的逻辑推理能力的学生,才能很好地完成语篇,使文章通顺畅达,恢复原样。
下面和大家分享一下首字母 “台阶式”练习方法;
台阶一:掌握七种句子成分与十种词性之间的对应关系。通过对单一成分的分类练习,掌握该句子成分与何种词性相对应。词性正确是答案正确的前提。
(1) 对主语的判断
1. _______ are helpful to students. ( teach )
2. _____ is more important to me than money. ( healthy )
3. Some famous _______ are going to give lectures in our university in August. ( science)
4. _______ is my favourite sport. ( fish )
5. ________ stamps is my hobby. ( collect )
Key: 1. Teachers 2. Health 3. scientists 4. Fishing 5. Collecting
分析:以上练习中,填入词均为句子的主语。主语是动作的发出者,词性主要为名词与代词(1-3题);动词不能直接用作主语,必须转化成其对应的名词或doing(4、5)。此外,形容词前加the,带连词的句子也可作主语。
(2) 对谓语的判断
John was standing on the step of a house. An old woman c________ over to him. “My boy,” she a_____, “Is your father at home?” “Yes,” a_______ John. The woman began r_________ the bell. She rang and rang, but there was no answer. At last she t_____ back to John and s______ angrily, “Didn’t you s______ that your father was at home?” “I did”, answered John, “but this i_______ my house.”
Key: came asked answered ringing turned said say isn’t
分析:语篇中的所缺字除ringing以外均为谓语动词。谓语是句子所表示的动作,词性只能是动词,在句子中不能缺。当一个主谓结构中同时出现两个或以上动词时,还要判断他们之间的相互关系,对谓语动词或非谓语动词的判断只有在熟练掌握相关知识的基础上,才能作出正确的判断。多做用动词的适当形式填空有助于对动词形式的判断。
(3) 对宾语的判断
1. Mr. Chen was surprised to see the fast ________ in Shanghai after his long absence from the city. ( develop )
2. The front is in great need of medical _____ .( work )
3. Thank you for your _______. ( kind )
4. At last he sold his ______. ( invent )
Key: 1. development 2. workers 3. kindness 4. invention
分析:宾语是动作的承受者,分动词宾语与介词宾语两种。宾语的词性同主语的词性一样,代词作宾语时必须用其宾格。
(4) 对表语的判断
1. It is ______ for an ordinary plane to fly to the moon. ( possible)
2. The sick man is getting ______. ( ill )
3. Patrick is going to be a(n) ______ when he grows up.(engine)
4. Such cold weather is quite _____ in June and people have to wear warm clothes again. ( usually )
5. It’s a ______ to have a picnic with all the members. (please )
Key: 1. impossible 2. worse 3. engineer 4. unusual 5. pleasure
分析:表语是连系动词后接的成分。词性主要为形容词,名词, 介词短语。动词必须改成 to do ,doing 或 done 的形式。
(5) 对定语的判断
1. The _______ exams usually take place at the end of June. ( finally)
2. On a _____ night, you can see thousands of stars in the sky. ( clearly)
3. In ______ weather, the old had better stay at home. (freeze )
4. The French artist said, “ it is my _____ time to visit Shanghai. I love this city so much. ( one )
5. Most people don’t like ________ food. ( freeze )
6. Who is your ________ teacher? ( chemical )
Key: (1) final (2) clear (3) freezing (4) first (5) frozen (6) chemistry
分析::定语是修饰名词与代词的成分。词性以形容词,序数词,介词短语为主。名词修饰名词说明后面名称的性能或用途。如:stamp show / physics teacher。 动词必须变形为:to do, doing 或done 的形式。
(6) 对状语的判断
1. The old lady could hardly believe that she had got the travel pass to Hong Kong so ______ (easy)
2. Watch ______ , and you will find the difference between the two pictures. ( care )
3. After flying in the storm for nearly one hour, the helicopter landed ______ at last. ( safe )
Key : (1) easily (2) carefully (3) safely
状语:说明动作发生的时间,地点,原因,方式,目的,结果,条件,伴随情况的成分。
词性以副词为主,也可以是介词短语,动词必须变形为to do, doing 或done 。
(7) 对连词的判断
在英语中, 并列连词and, but, or, so , not only…but also, either …or, neither…nor, as well as, both… and 连接并列的词, 词组和句子; 从属连词连接主句与从句。
台阶二:在牢记了七种句子成分与十种词性的对应关系之后,多做做综合的“用所给单词的正确形式填空”,提高对句子成分的判断能力。熟练掌握词性转化的技巧是通向首字母完形的第二步
台阶三:锻炼自己的发散和归纳思维的能力,或称为“猜谜”的能力。
Exercise : Guess the missing word.
1. ________ are helpful to students.
2. ________ are helpful to students. They give them knowledge.
3. ________ are helpful to students. In class they teach them knowledge and after class they care for them like parents.
4. ________ are helpful to students. They keep them healthy.
分析:按顺序做你会不假思索地得出答案,1---4均为Teachers,全部解完后再思考,似乎第一题答案不仅仅只有Teachers。按判断主语的结论,凡名词,只要合乎逻辑,都可作为第一题的答案,你会发现Books也可,继而得出结论:“一切有益于学生的复数名词均为正确答案,Exercises、Doctors、Police、Parents…”。第二题受后一句knowledge的限制,答案要少一些:Teachers、Books,第三题限制更多,从“care for”判断主语只能是人,Teachers。第四题受healthy的限制,最好填Doctors / Nurses。
以上练习说明解完形填空需要如下技能:1,对所缺词的句子成分必须作出精确判断,然后填入正确的词性,即必须熟练掌握句子成分与词性的对应关系。2,必须训练自己扩散性思维能力,如同猜谜,因为词义的确定依靠着对句中限制性信息的判断得出。3,良好的语法基本功。在确定完词性与词义后,单复数、时态的确定建立在良好的语法基本功之上。
台阶四:对词性、词义、词形的精确判断阶段,即综合运用阶段
Mr. Wu is getting old. He is l_______ the school soon. The s_______ in his class have given h______ a lot of p_______. Among t______ are cards, note-books, photos and books. Most of the cards are m______ by the students themselves.
Photos will h_____ Mr. Wu remember the happy t_________ when he was with his students. Next week, t________ will have a p_______ to s ______ goodbye to him.
分析:通读短文以后发现Mr. Wu 是一位老师.。从old 可推断他不久要退休了,所以
“ l____” 应为谓语动词 leaving ;
“s____” 是第三句的主语, 结合 have 判断为 students;
“ h____’’ 是give 的宾语, 判断为him ;
“ p_____” 的内容是 cards, note-books… , 所以判断为名词presents;
“ t_____” 是介词among 的宾语, 应为them ;
“ m____” 处于be done by 的结构中, 应为过去分词made;
“h_____” 位于情态动词will 之后, 应为动词原形help;
“t_____” 是remember 的宾语, 并且受到happy 的修饰应为 time
“t_____” 是主语, 名词或代词 teachers / they;
“p____” 是have的宾语, 前面有冠词, 所以是名词party
“s_____” 前有 to, 分析成分为目的状语 to do 即 to say
台阶五:熟能生巧阶段。 要做到举重若轻,必须在前四步的基础上作长期系统的训练,把上述知识演化为解题技能。自己动手试试下面的练习:
The universe is everything out in space. (1 ) knows how big the universe is.
When we talk (2 ) the universe, we mean the earth, the sun, the moon and the stars. Now let me tell you something about our earth. The earth is a huge ball. It turns round and round in space. (3 ) surface is covered by water and land. If you are in a space plane and look ( 4 ) at the earth from up in space, you will see lots of clouds over the surface of the earth. Through the clouds you will see the blue color of the oceans and seas. Almost two-thirds of the earth is covered with water.
We live on the outside (5) of the earth. Around and above us is the air. The earth takes twenty-four hours to turn all the way round----- that is one day and one night. When your country is facing the sun, it is daytime for you. But as the earth turns you away from the sun, everything around you grows ( 6 ) .
Key: (1) Nobody (2) about (3) Its (4) down (5) part (6) dark.